Herbert F Moore

Image 1 Herbert Moore conducting stress tests on rails.

Professor Herbert F. Moore, born in 1875, can be called the savior of American railroads. In the early 1900’s many railroads were having problems with their tracks shattering from fissures in the steel. Over twelve thousand railed failed per year, costing a fortune in repairs, damaged goods, and human lives. For many years nobody was able to determine the cause, and the furthest progress was the development of a detector car that was able to detect a potential rail failure with the use of gyroscopes. In 1930, Moore, who was an expert in the field of metal fatigue, was approached by the Rail Manufacturer’s Technical Committee and given a grant to attempt to find the cause of the rail failures.

Moore’s first instinct was that the rails were failing due to stress from day-to-day use. Using many different techniques to stress rail samples, from a full sized locomotive running on a treadmill system, to bending and impact testing, Moore was never able to find a definitive reason as to why the rails failed. To his team’s surprise, many railed that have tested positive for fissures had not failed in the destruction tests. His research led him to believe that the fissure problem was most likely not caused by stress, but rather by chemical and metallurgical problems.
The first clue came to Moore in a paper written by I. C. Mackie hypothesizing that hydrogen was present in excess in the shattered rails. This realization launched a three year study into hydrogen and steel rails. Moore found that when steel was cooled too quickly after forging, the steel was able to absorb a massive amount of hydrogen. The hydrogen then collected around the impurities in the steel, leading to fissures that could shatter after repeated stress. Moore and his team was able to create a controlled cooling process that slowly cooled the steel so that it did not absorb too much hydrogen. Within just a few years, millions of controlled-cooled rails have been laid and still to this day, none have ever failed. Moore and his team had saved the railroads over 100 million dollars of damages and was hailed as the saviors of the railroad system.

Works Cited
Kingery, R. A., Berg, R. D., Schillinger, E. H. (1967) Men and Ideas in Engineering. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press content and Images 1 pg. 62 and 2 pg. 59

Arthur Newell Talbot

Arthur Newell Talbot was born October 21, 1857 in Cortland, IL. His early education took place in Cortland as well, in a town 55 miles West of Chicago, IL. His great mathematical aptitude was first recognized by his grandfather, who encouraged him by giving him difficult problems each day, such as calculating the time the sun would rise. Talbot came to the University of Illinois in 1877, then known as the Illinois Industrial University, a mere ten years after its establishment.

Arthur Newell Talbot, working on a railroad, 1941

While studying civil engineering at the University of Illinois, Talbot was both an outstanding student-his scholastic average was to be the record for years to come-and very involved in extracurricular activities, including serving as secretary, vice president, and president for the Philmatheon Literary Society.

After graduating in 1881, Talbot followed a boyhood interest in railroads to Colorado, where he worked on them for four years before returning to the University of Illinois in 1885 as an assistant professor in engineering and mathematics.

While in the position Talbot taught a wide variety of subjects, ranging from surveying to railroad engineering. He always considered teaching to be a very important part of his life, and his students expressed their gratitude (or perhaps their frustration) in many different ways. One of those ways can be seen in a handmade songbook called “Hymns of Stress and Strain”:

"Hymns of Stress and Strain", a songbook composed by one of Talbot's student, University of Illinois, 1923

Selection No. 7 from “Hymns of Stress and Strain”, to the tune of “Working on the Railroad”

Talbot would continue to help mold and shape young minds for more than forty years. During this time, he also made advancements in several areas of engineering, including formulas for areas of waterways for bridges and culverts and calculating the maximum amount of rainfall, as well as groundbreaking work with sewage systems by way of septic tanks and a thorough investigation of reinforced concrete.

However, Talbot is better known for his innovations in railway engineering. The most famous of his developments is the Railway Transition Spiral. The method is for laying out easement curves at the ends of circular curves. The method has gone through many editions and been used in the making of many railroads.

Starting in 1914, Talbot also began a thorough investigation of railroad track. Aptly called “Stresses in Railroad Track”, the investigation was conducted with a goal of discovering the properties, mode of action, and resistances developed in various track structures under the application of locomotives and cars moving at various speeds.

After retiring from teaching, Talbot was still very involved with the University of Illinois, serving on committees, project boards, and consulting on various projects. One of the projects he consulted on was the Bay Bridge connecting San Francisco to Oakland.

These accomplishments are only part of the story: while completing his pioneering work at the University of Illinois, Talbot also married Virginia Mann Hammat in 1886. She was a classmate and active in many student affairs that Talbot, too, was in involved in. They raised four children together: Kenneth Hammet Talbot, Mildred Virginia, Rachel Harriet, and Dorothy Newell.

Arthur Newell Talbot passed away on April 3rd, 1942, after almost sixty years of teaching, innovating, and mentoring in the fields of mathematics and engineering.
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Works Cited:

“Arthur Newell Talbot”. Found in University Archives Series No. 11/5/21, Box 5.

“Arthur Newell Talbot”. Found in University Archives Series No. 11/5/21, Box 10.

Phillips, James W.(Ed). (1994). “Biography of Arthur Newell Talbot”. A Tribute to Arthur Newell Talbot.